diff --git a/checks/flake-module.nix b/checks/flake-module.nix
index 73fc31aa1..873348d69 100644
--- a/checks/flake-module.nix
+++ b/checks/flake-module.nix
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ in
     ./flash/flake-module.nix
     ./impure/flake-module.nix
     ./installation/flake-module.nix
+    ./installation-without-system/flake-module.nix
     ./morph/flake-module.nix
     ./nixos-documentation/flake-module.nix
   ];
diff --git a/checks/installation-without-system/facter.json b/checks/installation-without-system/facter.json
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..3a6ca1dd6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/checks/installation-without-system/facter.json
@@ -0,0 +1,2844 @@
+{
+  "version": 1,
+  "system": "x86_64-linux",
+  "virtualisation": "kvm",
+  "hardware": {
+    "bios": {
+      "apm_info": {
+        "supported": false,
+        "enabled": false,
+        "version": 0,
+        "sub_version": 0,
+        "bios_flags": 0
+      },
+      "vbe_info": {
+        "version": 0,
+        "video_memory": 0
+      },
+      "pnp": true,
+      "pnp_id": 0,
+      "lba_support": false,
+      "low_memory_size": 654336,
+      "smbios_version": 520
+    },
+    "bridge": [
+      {
+        "index": 8,
+        "attached_to": 0,
+        "class_list": ["pci", "bridge"],
+        "bus_type": {
+          "hex": "0004",
+          "name": "PCI",
+          "value": 4
+        },
+        "slot": {
+          "bus": 0,
+          "number": 1
+        },
+        "base_class": {
+          "hex": "0006",
+          "name": "Bridge",
+          "value": 6
+        },
+        "sub_class": {
+          "hex": "0001",
+          "name": "ISA bridge",
+          "value": 1
+        },
+        "vendor": {
+          "hex": "8086",
+          "name": "Intel Corporation",
+          "value": 32902
+        },
+        "sub_vendor": {
+          "hex": "1af4",
+          "value": 6900
+        },
+        "device": {
+          "hex": "7000",
+          "value": 28672
+        },
+        "sub_device": {
+          "hex": "1100",
+          "value": 4352
+        },
+        "model": "Intel ISA bridge",
+        "sysfs_id": "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:01.0",
+        "sysfs_bus_id": "0000:00:01.0",
+        "detail": {
+          "function": 0,
+          "command": 259,
+          "header_type": 0,
+          "secondary_bus": 0,
+          "irq": 0,
+          "prog_if": 0
+        },
+        "module_alias": "pci:v00008086d00007000sv00001AF4sd00001100bc06sc01i00"
+      },
+      {
+        "index": 12,
+        "attached_to": 0,
+        "class_list": ["pci", "bridge"],
+        "bus_type": {
+          "hex": "0004",
+          "name": "PCI",
+          "value": 4
+        },
+        "slot": {
+          "bus": 0,
+          "number": 0
+        },
+        "base_class": {
+          "hex": "0006",
+          "name": "Bridge",
+          "value": 6
+        },
+        "sub_class": {
+          "hex": "0000",
+          "name": "Host bridge",
+          "value": 0
+        },
+        "vendor": {
+          "hex": "8086",
+          "name": "Intel Corporation",
+          "value": 32902
+        },
+        "sub_vendor": {
+          "hex": "1af4",
+          "value": 6900
+        },
+        "device": {
+          "hex": "1237",
+          "value": 4663
+        },
+        "sub_device": {
+          "hex": "1100",
+          "value": 4352
+        },
+        "revision": {
+          "hex": "0002",
+          "value": 2
+        },
+        "model": "Intel Host bridge",
+        "sysfs_id": "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:00.0",
+        "sysfs_bus_id": "0000:00:00.0",
+        "detail": {
+          "function": 0,
+          "command": 259,
+          "header_type": 0,
+          "secondary_bus": 0,
+          "irq": 0,
+          "prog_if": 0
+        },
+        "module_alias": "pci:v00008086d00001237sv00001AF4sd00001100bc06sc00i00"
+      },
+      {
+        "index": 13,
+        "attached_to": 0,
+        "class_list": ["pci", "bridge"],
+        "bus_type": {
+          "hex": "0004",
+          "name": "PCI",
+          "value": 4
+        },
+        "slot": {
+          "bus": 0,
+          "number": 1
+        },
+        "base_class": {
+          "hex": "0006",
+          "name": "Bridge",
+          "value": 6
+        },
+        "sub_class": {
+          "hex": "0080",
+          "name": "Bridge",
+          "value": 128
+        },
+        "vendor": {
+          "hex": "8086",
+          "name": "Intel Corporation",
+          "value": 32902
+        },
+        "sub_vendor": {
+          "hex": "1af4",
+          "value": 6900
+        },
+        "device": {
+          "hex": "7113",
+          "value": 28947
+        },
+        "sub_device": {
+          "hex": "1100",
+          "value": 4352
+        },
+        "revision": {
+          "hex": "0003",
+          "value": 3
+        },
+        "model": "Intel Bridge",
+        "sysfs_id": "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:01.3",
+        "sysfs_bus_id": "0000:00:01.3",
+        "resources": [
+          {
+            "type": "irq",
+            "base": 9,
+            "triggered": 0,
+            "enabled": true
+          }
+        ],
+        "detail": {
+          "function": 3,
+          "command": 259,
+          "header_type": 0,
+          "secondary_bus": 0,
+          "irq": 9,
+          "prog_if": 0
+        },
+        "driver": "piix4_smbus",
+        "driver_module": "i2c_piix4",
+        "drivers": ["piix4_smbus"],
+        "driver_modules": ["i2c_piix4"],
+        "module_alias": "pci:v00008086d00007113sv00001AF4sd00001100bc06sc80i00"
+      }
+    ],
+    "cdrom": [
+      {
+        "index": 36,
+        "attached_to": 15,
+        "class_list": ["cdrom", "scsi", "block_device"],
+        "bus_type": {
+          "hex": "0084",
+          "name": "SCSI",
+          "value": 132
+        },
+        "slot": {
+          "bus": 1,
+          "number": 0
+        },
+        "base_class": {
+          "hex": "0106",
+          "name": "Mass Storage Device",
+          "value": 262
+        },
+        "sub_class": {
+          "hex": "0002",
+          "name": "CD-ROM",
+          "value": 2
+        },
+        "pci_interface": {
+          "hex": "0003",
+          "name": "DVD",
+          "value": 3
+        },
+        "vendor": {
+          "hex": "0000",
+          "name": "QEMU",
+          "value": 0
+        },
+        "device": {
+          "hex": "0000",
+          "name": "QEMU DVD-ROM",
+          "value": 0
+        },
+        "revision": {
+          "hex": "0000",
+          "name": "2.5+",
+          "value": 0
+        },
+        "model": "QEMU DVD-ROM",
+        "sysfs_id": "/class/block/sr0",
+        "sysfs_bus_id": "1:0:0:0",
+        "sysfs_device_link": "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:01.1/ata2/host1/target1:0:0/1:0:0:0",
+        "unix_device_name": "/dev/sr0",
+        "unix_device_number": {
+          "type": 98,
+          "major": 11,
+          "minor": 0,
+          "range": 1
+        },
+        "unix_device_names": [
+          "/dev/cdrom",
+          "/dev/disk/by-diskseq/4",
+          "/dev/disk/by-id/ata-QEMU_DVD-ROM_QM00003",
+          "/dev/disk/by-path/pci-0000:00:01.1-ata-2",
+          "/dev/disk/by-path/pci-0000:00:01.1-ata-2.0",
+          "/dev/sr0"
+        ],
+        "unix_device_name2": "/dev/sg0",
+        "unix_device_number2": {
+          "type": 99,
+          "major": 21,
+          "minor": 0,
+          "range": 1
+        },
+        "driver": "ata_piix",
+        "driver_module": "ata_piix",
+        "drivers": ["ata_piix", "sr"],
+        "driver_modules": ["ata_piix", "sr_mod"]
+      }
+    ],
+    "cpu": [
+      {
+        "architecture": "x86_64",
+        "vendor_name": "AuthenticAMD",
+        "family": 25,
+        "model": 17,
+        "stepping": 1,
+        "features": [
+          "fpu",
+          "vme",
+          "de",
+          "pse",
+          "tsc",
+          "msr",
+          "pae",
+          "mce",
+          "cx8",
+          "apic",
+          "sep",
+          "mtrr",
+          "pge",
+          "mca",
+          "cmov",
+          "pat",
+          "pse36",
+          "clflush",
+          "mmx",
+          "fxsr",
+          "sse",
+          "sse2",
+          "syscall",
+          "nx",
+          "mmxext",
+          "fxsr_opt",
+          "pdpe1gb",
+          "rdtscp",
+          "lm",
+          "rep_good",
+          "nopl",
+          "cpuid",
+          "extd_apicid",
+          "tsc_known_freq",
+          "pni",
+          "pclmulqdq",
+          "ssse3",
+          "fma",
+          "cx16",
+          "pcid",
+          "sse4_1",
+          "sse4_2",
+          "x2apic",
+          "movbe",
+          "popcnt",
+          "tsc_deadline_timer",
+          "aes",
+          "xsave",
+          "avx",
+          "f16c",
+          "rdrand",
+          "hypervisor",
+          "lahf_lm",
+          "cmp_legacy",
+          "svm",
+          "cr8_legacy",
+          "abm",
+          "sse4a",
+          "misalignsse",
+          "3dnowprefetch",
+          "osvw",
+          "perfctr_core",
+          "ssbd",
+          "perfmon_v2",
+          "ibrs",
+          "ibpb",
+          "stibp",
+          "ibrs_enhanced",
+          "vmmcall",
+          "fsgsbase",
+          "tsc_adjust",
+          "bmi1",
+          "avx2",
+          "smep",
+          "bmi2",
+          "erms",
+          "invpcid",
+          "avx512f",
+          "avx512dq",
+          "rdseed",
+          "adx",
+          "smap",
+          "avx512ifma",
+          "clflushopt",
+          "clwb",
+          "avx512cd",
+          "sha_ni",
+          "avx512bw",
+          "avx512vl",
+          "xsaveopt",
+          "xsavec",
+          "xgetbv1",
+          "xsaves",
+          "avx512_bf16",
+          "clzero",
+          "xsaveerptr",
+          "wbnoinvd",
+          "arat",
+          "npt",
+          "lbrv",
+          "nrip_save",
+          "tsc_scale",
+          "vmcb_clean",
+          "flushbyasid",
+          "pausefilter",
+          "pfthreshold",
+          "v_vmsave_vmload",
+          "vgif",
+          "vnmi",
+          "avx512vbmi",
+          "umip",
+          "pku",
+          "ospke",
+          "avx512_vbmi2",
+          "gfni",
+          "vaes",
+          "vpclmulqdq",
+          "avx512_vnni",
+          "avx512_bitalg",
+          "avx512_vpopcntdq",
+          "la57",
+          "rdpid",
+          "overflow_recov",
+          "succor",
+          "fsrm",
+          "flush_l1d",
+          "arch_capabilities"
+        ],
+        "bugs": [
+          "sysret_ss_attrs",
+          "spectre_v1",
+          "spectre_v2",
+          "spec_store_bypass",
+          "srso",
+          "ibpb_no_ret"
+        ],
+        "bogo": 5499.99,
+        "cache": 512,
+        "physical_id": 0,
+        "siblings": 1,
+        "cores": 1,
+        "fpu": true,
+        "fpu_exception": true,
+        "cpuid_level": 16,
+        "write_protect": false,
+        "tlb_size": 1024,
+        "clflush_size": 64,
+        "cache_alignment": 64,
+        "address_sizes": {
+          "physical": 52,
+          "virtual": 57
+        }
+      }
+    ],
+    "disk": [
+      {
+        "index": 35,
+        "attached_to": 24,
+        "class_list": ["disk", "block_device"],
+        "base_class": {
+          "hex": "0106",
+          "name": "Mass Storage Device",
+          "value": 262
+        },
+        "sub_class": {
+          "hex": "0000",
+          "name": "Disk",
+          "value": 0
+        },
+        "model": "Disk",
+        "sysfs_id": "/class/block/vdb",
+        "sysfs_bus_id": "virtio6",
+        "sysfs_device_link": "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:09.0/virtio6",
+        "unix_device_name": "/dev/vdb",
+        "unix_device_number": {
+          "type": 98,
+          "major": 253,
+          "minor": 16,
+          "range": 16
+        },
+        "unix_device_names": [
+          "/dev/disk/by-diskseq/2",
+          "/dev/disk/by-path/pci-0000:00:09.0",
+          "/dev/disk/by-path/virtio-pci-0000:00:09.0",
+          "/dev/disk/by-uuid/97ace475-1888-433c-a581-4f8eb02a7659",
+          "/dev/root",
+          "/dev/vdb"
+        ],
+        "resources": [
+          {
+            "type": "disk_geo",
+            "cylinders": 1040,
+            "heads": 16,
+            "sectors": 63,
+            "size": 0,
+            "geo_type": "logical"
+          },
+          {
+            "type": "size",
+            "unit": "sectors",
+            "value_1": 1048576,
+            "value_2": 512
+          }
+        ],
+        "driver": "virtio-pci",
+        "driver_module": "virtio_pci",
+        "drivers": ["virtio-pci", "virtio_blk"],
+        "driver_modules": ["virtio_blk", "virtio_pci"]
+      },
+      {
+        "index": 37,
+        "attached_to": 0,
+        "class_list": ["disk", "block_device"],
+        "base_class": {
+          "hex": "0106",
+          "name": "Mass Storage Device",
+          "value": 262
+        },
+        "sub_class": {
+          "hex": "0000",
+          "name": "Disk",
+          "value": 0
+        },
+        "model": "Disk",
+        "sysfs_id": "/class/block/fd0",
+        "sysfs_bus_id": "floppy.0",
+        "sysfs_device_link": "/devices/platform/floppy.0",
+        "unix_device_name": "/dev/fd0",
+        "unix_device_number": {
+          "type": 98,
+          "major": 2,
+          "minor": 0,
+          "range": 1
+        },
+        "unix_device_names": ["/dev/fd0"],
+        "resources": [
+          {
+            "type": "size",
+            "unit": "sectors",
+            "value_1": 8,
+            "value_2": 512
+          }
+        ],
+        "driver": "floppy",
+        "driver_module": "floppy",
+        "drivers": ["floppy"],
+        "driver_modules": ["floppy"]
+      },
+      {
+        "index": 38,
+        "attached_to": 31,
+        "class_list": ["disk", "block_device"],
+        "base_class": {
+          "hex": "0106",
+          "name": "Mass Storage Device",
+          "value": 262
+        },
+        "sub_class": {
+          "hex": "0000",
+          "name": "Disk",
+          "value": 0
+        },
+        "model": "Disk",
+        "sysfs_id": "/class/block/vda",
+        "sysfs_bus_id": "virtio5",
+        "sysfs_device_link": "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:08.0/virtio5",
+        "unix_device_name": "/dev/vda",
+        "unix_device_number": {
+          "type": 98,
+          "major": 253,
+          "minor": 0,
+          "range": 16
+        },
+        "unix_device_names": [
+          "/dev/disk/by-diskseq/1",
+          "/dev/disk/by-id/virtio-root",
+          "/dev/disk/by-label/nixos",
+          "/dev/disk/by-path/pci-0000:00:08.0",
+          "/dev/disk/by-path/virtio-pci-0000:00:08.0",
+          "/dev/disk/by-uuid/6e51c24e-39b8-43eb-af0c-fc921ce28730",
+          "/dev/vda"
+        ],
+        "resources": [
+          {
+            "type": "disk_geo",
+            "cylinders": 16644,
+            "heads": 16,
+            "sectors": 63,
+            "size": 0,
+            "geo_type": "logical"
+          },
+          {
+            "type": "size",
+            "unit": "sectors",
+            "value_1": 16777216,
+            "value_2": 512
+          }
+        ],
+        "driver": "virtio-pci",
+        "driver_module": "virtio_pci",
+        "drivers": ["virtio-pci", "virtio_blk"],
+        "driver_modules": ["virtio_blk", "virtio_pci"]
+      }
+    ],
+    "graphics_card": [
+      {
+        "index": 19,
+        "attached_to": 0,
+        "class_list": ["graphics_card", "pci"],
+        "bus_type": {
+          "hex": "0004",
+          "name": "PCI",
+          "value": 4
+        },
+        "slot": {
+          "bus": 0,
+          "number": 2
+        },
+        "base_class": {
+          "hex": "0003",
+          "name": "Display controller",
+          "value": 3
+        },
+        "sub_class": {
+          "hex": "0000",
+          "name": "VGA compatible controller",
+          "value": 0
+        },
+        "pci_interface": {
+          "hex": "0000",
+          "name": "VGA",
+          "value": 0
+        },
+        "vendor": {
+          "hex": "1234",
+          "value": 4660
+        },
+        "sub_vendor": {
+          "hex": "1af4",
+          "value": 6900
+        },
+        "device": {
+          "hex": "1111",
+          "value": 4369
+        },
+        "sub_device": {
+          "hex": "1100",
+          "value": 4352
+        },
+        "revision": {
+          "hex": "0002",
+          "value": 2
+        },
+        "model": "VGA compatible controller",
+        "sysfs_id": "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:02.0",
+        "sysfs_bus_id": "0000:00:02.0",
+        "resources": [
+          {
+            "type": "mem",
+            "base": 4244635648,
+            "range": 16777216,
+            "enabled": true,
+            "access": "read_only",
+            "prefetch": "no"
+          },
+          {
+            "type": "mem",
+            "base": 4273799168,
+            "range": 4096,
+            "enabled": true,
+            "access": "read_write",
+            "prefetch": "no"
+          },
+          {
+            "type": "mem",
+            "base": 786432,
+            "range": 131072,
+            "enabled": false,
+            "access": "read_write",
+            "prefetch": "no"
+          }
+        ],
+        "detail": {
+          "function": 0,
+          "command": 259,
+          "header_type": 0,
+          "secondary_bus": 0,
+          "irq": 0,
+          "prog_if": 0
+        },
+        "driver": "bochs-drm",
+        "driver_module": "bochs",
+        "drivers": ["bochs-drm"],
+        "driver_modules": ["bochs"],
+        "module_alias": "pci:v00001234d00001111sv00001AF4sd00001100bc03sc00i00"
+      }
+    ],
+    "hub": [
+      {
+        "index": 39,
+        "attached_to": 7,
+        "class_list": ["usb", "hub"],
+        "bus_type": {
+          "hex": "0086",
+          "name": "USB",
+          "value": 134
+        },
+        "slot": {
+          "bus": 0,
+          "number": 0
+        },
+        "base_class": {
+          "hex": "010a",
+          "name": "Hub",
+          "value": 266
+        },
+        "vendor": {
+          "hex": "1d6b",
+          "name": "Linux 6.12.17 uhci_hcd",
+          "value": 7531
+        },
+        "device": {
+          "hex": "0001",
+          "name": "UHCI Host Controller",
+          "value": 1
+        },
+        "revision": {
+          "hex": "0000",
+          "name": "6.12",
+          "value": 0
+        },
+        "serial": "0000:00:01.2",
+        "model": "Linux 6.12.17 uhci_hcd UHCI Host Controller",
+        "sysfs_id": "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:01.2/usb1/1-0:1.0",
+        "sysfs_bus_id": "1-0:1.0",
+        "resources": [
+          {
+            "type": "baud",
+            "speed": 12000000,
+            "bits": 0,
+            "stop_bits": 0,
+            "parity": 0,
+            "handshake": 0
+          }
+        ],
+        "detail": {
+          "device_class": {
+            "hex": "0009",
+            "name": "hub",
+            "value": 9
+          },
+          "device_subclass": {
+            "hex": "0000",
+            "name": "per_interface",
+            "value": 0
+          },
+          "device_protocol": 0,
+          "interface_class": {
+            "hex": "0009",
+            "name": "hub",
+            "value": 9
+          },
+          "interface_subclass": {
+            "hex": "0000",
+            "name": "per_interface",
+            "value": 0
+          },
+          "interface_protocol": 0,
+          "interface_number": 0,
+          "interface_alternate_setting": 0
+        },
+        "hotplug": "usb",
+        "driver": "hub",
+        "drivers": ["hub"],
+        "module_alias": "usb:v1D6Bp0001d0612dc09dsc00dp00ic09isc00ip00in00"
+      }
+    ],
+    "memory": [
+      {
+        "index": 4,
+        "attached_to": 0,
+        "class_list": ["memory"],
+        "base_class": {
+          "hex": "0101",
+          "name": "Internally Used Class",
+          "value": 257
+        },
+        "sub_class": {
+          "hex": "0002",
+          "name": "Main Memory",
+          "value": 2
+        },
+        "model": "Main Memory",
+        "resources": [
+          {
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+        "device": "",
+        "model": "Virtio Unclassified device",
+        "sysfs_id": "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:07.0/virtio4",
+        "sysfs_bus_id": "virtio4",
+        "driver": "9pnet_virtio",
+        "driver_module": "9pnet_virtio",
+        "drivers": ["9pnet_virtio"],
+        "driver_modules": ["9pnet_virtio"],
+        "module_alias": "virtio:d00000009v00001AF4"
+      },
+      {
+        "index": 26,
+        "attached_to": 20,
+        "class_list": ["unknown"],
+        "base_class": {
+          "hex": "0000",
+          "name": "Unclassified device",
+          "value": 0
+        },
+        "sub_class": {
+          "hex": "0000",
+          "name": "Unclassified device",
+          "value": 0
+        },
+        "vendor": "Virtio",
+        "device": "",
+        "model": "Virtio Unclassified device",
+        "sysfs_id": "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:05.0/virtio2",
+        "sysfs_bus_id": "virtio2",
+        "driver": "9pnet_virtio",
+        "driver_module": "9pnet_virtio",
+        "drivers": ["9pnet_virtio"],
+        "driver_modules": ["9pnet_virtio"],
+        "module_alias": "virtio:d00000009v00001AF4"
+      },
+      {
+        "index": 27,
+        "attached_to": 6,
+        "class_list": ["unknown"],
+        "base_class": {
+          "hex": "0000",
+          "name": "Unclassified device",
+          "value": 0
+        },
+        "sub_class": {
+          "hex": "0000",
+          "name": "Unclassified device",
+          "value": 0
+        },
+        "vendor": "Virtio",
+        "device": "",
+        "model": "Virtio Unclassified device",
+        "sysfs_id": "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:0d.0/virtio10",
+        "sysfs_bus_id": "virtio10",
+        "driver": "virtio_rng",
+        "driver_module": "virtio_rng",
+        "drivers": ["virtio_rng"],
+        "driver_modules": ["virtio_rng"],
+        "module_alias": "virtio:d00000004v00001AF4"
+      },
+      {
+        "index": 29,
+        "attached_to": 11,
+        "class_list": ["unknown"],
+        "base_class": {
+          "hex": "0000",
+          "name": "Unclassified device",
+          "value": 0
+        },
+        "sub_class": {
+          "hex": "0000",
+          "name": "Unclassified device",
+          "value": 0
+        },
+        "vendor": "Virtio",
+        "device": "",
+        "model": "Virtio Unclassified device",
+        "sysfs_id": "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:0c.0/virtio9",
+        "sysfs_bus_id": "virtio9",
+        "driver": "virtio_console",
+        "driver_module": "virtio_console",
+        "drivers": ["virtio_console"],
+        "driver_modules": ["virtio_console"],
+        "module_alias": "virtio:d00000003v00001AF4"
+      },
+      {
+        "index": 32,
+        "attached_to": 16,
+        "class_list": ["unknown"],
+        "base_class": {
+          "hex": "0000",
+          "name": "Unclassified device",
+          "value": 0
+        },
+        "sub_class": {
+          "hex": "0000",
+          "name": "Unclassified device",
+          "value": 0
+        },
+        "vendor": "Virtio",
+        "device": "",
+        "model": "Virtio Unclassified device",
+        "sysfs_id": "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:06.0/virtio3",
+        "sysfs_bus_id": "virtio3",
+        "driver": "9pnet_virtio",
+        "driver_module": "9pnet_virtio",
+        "drivers": ["9pnet_virtio"],
+        "driver_modules": ["9pnet_virtio"],
+        "module_alias": "virtio:d00000009v00001AF4"
+      },
+      {
+        "index": 34,
+        "attached_to": 0,
+        "class_list": ["unknown"],
+        "base_class": {
+          "hex": "0007",
+          "name": "Communication controller",
+          "value": 7
+        },
+        "sub_class": {
+          "hex": "0000",
+          "name": "Serial controller",
+          "value": 0
+        },
+        "pci_interface": {
+          "hex": "0002",
+          "name": "16550",
+          "value": 2
+        },
+        "device": {
+          "hex": "0000",
+          "name": "16550A",
+          "value": 0
+        },
+        "model": "16550A",
+        "unix_device_name": "/dev/ttyS0",
+        "unix_device_names": ["/dev/ttyS0"],
+        "resources": [
+          {
+            "type": "io",
+            "base": 1016,
+            "range": 0,
+            "enabled": true,
+            "access": "read_write"
+          },
+          {
+            "type": "irq",
+            "base": 4,
+            "triggered": 0,
+            "enabled": true
+          }
+        ]
+      }
+    ],
+    "usb_controller": [
+      {
+        "index": 7,
+        "attached_to": 0,
+        "class_list": ["usb_controller", "pci"],
+        "bus_type": {
+          "hex": "0004",
+          "name": "PCI",
+          "value": 4
+        },
+        "slot": {
+          "bus": 0,
+          "number": 1
+        },
+        "base_class": {
+          "hex": "000c",
+          "name": "Serial bus controller",
+          "value": 12
+        },
+        "sub_class": {
+          "hex": "0003",
+          "name": "USB Controller",
+          "value": 3
+        },
+        "pci_interface": {
+          "hex": "0000",
+          "name": "UHCI",
+          "value": 0
+        },
+        "vendor": {
+          "hex": "8086",
+          "name": "Intel Corporation",
+          "value": 32902
+        },
+        "sub_vendor": {
+          "hex": "1af4",
+          "value": 6900
+        },
+        "device": {
+          "hex": "7020",
+          "value": 28704
+        },
+        "sub_device": {
+          "hex": "1100",
+          "value": 4352
+        },
+        "revision": {
+          "hex": "0001",
+          "value": 1
+        },
+        "model": "Intel USB Controller",
+        "sysfs_id": "/devices/pci0000:00/0000:00:01.2",
+        "sysfs_bus_id": "0000:00:01.2",
+        "resources": [
+          {
+            "type": "io",
+            "base": 49536,
+            "range": 32,
+            "enabled": true,
+            "access": "read_write"
+          },
+          {
+            "type": "irq",
+            "base": 11,
+            "triggered": 0,
+            "enabled": true
+          }
+        ],
+        "detail": {
+          "function": 2,
+          "command": 263,
+          "header_type": 0,
+          "secondary_bus": 0,
+          "irq": 11,
+          "prog_if": 0
+        },
+        "driver": "uhci_hcd",
+        "driver_module": "uhci_hcd",
+        "drivers": ["uhci_hcd"],
+        "driver_modules": ["uhci_hcd"],
+        "driver_info": {
+          "type": "module",
+          "db_entry_0": ["uhci-hcd"],
+          "active": true,
+          "modprobe": true,
+          "names": ["uhci-hcd"],
+          "module_args": [""],
+          "conf": ""
+        },
+        "module_alias": "pci:v00008086d00007020sv00001AF4sd00001100bc0Csc03i00"
+      }
+    ]
+  },
+  "smbios": {
+    "bios": {
+      "handle": 0,
+      "vendor": "SeaBIOS",
+      "version": "rel-1.16.3-0-ga6ed6b701f0a-prebuilt.qemu.org",
+      "date": "04/01/2014",
+      "features": null,
+      "start_address": "0xe8000",
+      "rom_size": 65536
+    },
+    "chassis": {
+      "handle": 768,
+      "manufacturer": "QEMU",
+      "version": "pc-i440fx-9.2",
+      "chassis_type": {
+        "hex": "0001",
+        "name": "Other",
+        "value": 1
+      },
+      "lock_present": false,
+      "bootup_state": {
+        "hex": "0003",
+        "name": "Safe",
+        "value": 3
+      },
+      "power_state": {
+        "hex": "0003",
+        "name": "Safe",
+        "value": 3
+      },
+      "thermal_state": {
+        "hex": "0003",
+        "name": "Safe",
+        "value": 3
+      },
+      "security_state": {
+        "hex": "0002",
+        "name": "Unknown",
+        "value": 2
+      },
+      "oem": "0x0"
+    },
+    "memory_array": [
+      {
+        "handle": 4096,
+        "location": {
+          "hex": "0001",
+          "name": "Other",
+          "value": 1
+        },
+        "usage": {
+          "hex": "0003",
+          "name": "System memory",
+          "value": 3
+        },
+        "ecc": {
+          "hex": "0006",
+          "name": "Multi-bit",
+          "value": 6
+        },
+        "max_size": 1048576,
+        "error_handle": 65534,
+        "slots": 1
+      }
+    ],
+    "memory_array_mapped_address": [
+      {
+        "handle": 4864,
+        "array_handle": 4096,
+        "start_address": 0,
+        "end_address": 1073741824,
+        "part_width": 1
+      }
+    ],
+    "memory_device": [
+      {
+        "handle": 4352,
+        "location": "DIMM 0",
+        "bank_location": "",
+        "manufacturer": "QEMU",
+        "part_number": "",
+        "array_handle": 4096,
+        "error_handle": 65534,
+        "width": 0,
+        "ecc_bits": 0,
+        "size": 1048576,
+        "form_factor": {
+          "hex": "0009",
+          "name": "DIMM",
+          "value": 9
+        },
+        "set": 0,
+        "memory_type": {
+          "hex": "0007",
+          "name": "RAM",
+          "value": 7
+        },
+        "memory_type_details": ["Other"],
+        "speed": 0
+      }
+    ],
+    "processor": [
+      {
+        "handle": 1024,
+        "socket": "CPU 0",
+        "socket_type": {
+          "hex": "0001",
+          "name": "Other",
+          "value": 1
+        },
+        "socket_populated": true,
+        "manufacturer": "QEMU",
+        "version": "pc-i440fx-9.2",
+        "part": "",
+        "processor_type": {
+          "hex": "0003",
+          "name": "CPU",
+          "value": 3
+        },
+        "processor_family": {
+          "hex": "00fe",
+          "name": "Other",
+          "value": 254
+        },
+        "processor_status": {
+          "hex": "0001",
+          "name": "Enabled",
+          "value": 1
+        },
+        "clock_ext": 0,
+        "clock_max": 2000,
+        "cache_handle_l1": 0,
+        "cache_handle_l2": 0,
+        "cache_handle_l3": 0
+      }
+    ],
+    "system": {
+      "handle": 256,
+      "manufacturer": "QEMU",
+      "product": "Standard PC (i440FX + PIIX, 1996)",
+      "version": "pc-i440fx-9.2",
+      "wake_up": {
+        "hex": "0006",
+        "name": "Power Switch",
+        "value": 6
+      }
+    }
+  }
+}
diff --git a/checks/installation-without-system/flake-module.nix b/checks/installation-without-system/flake-module.nix
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..432503ebe
--- /dev/null
+++ b/checks/installation-without-system/flake-module.nix
@@ -0,0 +1,210 @@
+{
+  self,
+  lib,
+  ...
+}:
+{
+  # The purpose of this test is to ensure `clan machines install` works
+  # for machines that don't have a hardware config yet.
+
+  # If this test starts failing it could be due to the `facter.json` being out of date
+  # you can get a new one by adding
+  # client.fail("cat test-flake/machines/test-install-machine/facter.json >&2")
+  # to the installation test.
+  clan.machines.test-install-machine-without-system = {
+    fileSystems."/".device = lib.mkDefault "/dev/vda";
+    boot.loader.grub.device = lib.mkDefault "/dev/vda";
+
+    imports = [ self.nixosModules.test-install-machine-without-system ];
+  };
+  clan.machines.test-install-machine-with-system = {
+    facter.reportPath = ./facter.json;
+
+    fileSystems."/".device = lib.mkDefault "/dev/vda";
+    boot.loader.grub.device = lib.mkDefault "/dev/vda";
+
+    imports = [ self.nixosModules.test-install-machine-without-system ];
+  };
+  flake.nixosModules = {
+    test-install-machine-without-system =
+      { lib, modulesPath, ... }:
+      {
+        imports = [
+          (modulesPath + "/testing/test-instrumentation.nix") # we need these 2 modules always to be able to run the tests
+          (modulesPath + "/profiles/qemu-guest.nix")
+          ../lib/minify.nix
+        ];
+
+        networking.hostName = "test-install-machine";
+
+        environment.etc."install-successful".text = "ok";
+
+        boot.consoleLogLevel = lib.mkForce 100;
+        boot.kernelParams = [ "boot.shell_on_fail" ];
+
+        # disko config
+        boot.loader.grub.efiSupport = lib.mkDefault true;
+        boot.loader.grub.efiInstallAsRemovable = lib.mkDefault true;
+        clan.core.vars.settings.secretStore = "vm";
+        clan.core.vars.generators.test = {
+          files.test.neededFor = "partitioning";
+          script = ''
+            echo "notok" > $out/test
+          '';
+        };
+        disko.devices = {
+          disk = {
+            main = {
+              type = "disk";
+              device = "/dev/vda";
+
+              preCreateHook = ''
+                test -e /run/partitioning-secrets/test/test
+              '';
+
+              content = {
+                type = "gpt";
+                partitions = {
+                  boot = {
+                    size = "1M";
+                    type = "EF02"; # for grub MBR
+                    priority = 1;
+                  };
+                  ESP = {
+                    size = "512M";
+                    type = "EF00";
+                    content = {
+                      type = "filesystem";
+                      format = "vfat";
+                      mountpoint = "/boot";
+                      mountOptions = [ "umask=0077" ];
+                    };
+                  };
+                  root = {
+                    size = "100%";
+                    content = {
+                      type = "filesystem";
+                      format = "ext4";
+                      mountpoint = "/";
+                    };
+                  };
+                };
+              };
+            };
+          };
+        };
+      };
+  };
+  perSystem =
+    {
+      pkgs,
+      lib,
+      ...
+    }:
+    let
+      dependencies = [
+        self
+        self.nixosConfigurations.test-install-machine-with-system.config.system.build.toplevel
+        self.nixosConfigurations.test-install-machine-with-system.config.system.build.diskoScript
+        self.nixosConfigurations.test-install-machine-with-system.config.system.clan.deployment.file
+        pkgs.stdenv.drvPath
+        pkgs.bash.drvPath
+        pkgs.nixos-anywhere
+        pkgs.bubblewrap
+      ] ++ builtins.map (i: i.outPath) (builtins.attrValues self.inputs);
+      closureInfo = pkgs.closureInfo { rootPaths = dependencies; };
+    in
+    {
+      # On aarch64-linux, hangs on reboot with after installation:
+      # vm-test-run-test-installation> (finished: waiting for the VM to power off, in 1.97 seconds)
+      # vm-test-run-test-installation>
+      # vm-test-run-test-installation> new_machine: must succeed: cat /etc/install-successful
+      # vm-test-run-test-installation> new_machine: waiting for the VM to finish booting
+      # vm-test-run-test-installation> new_machine: starting vm
+      # vm-test-run-test-installation> new_machine: QEMU running (pid 80)
+      # vm-test-run-test-installation> new_machine: Guest root shell did not produce any data yet...
+      # vm-test-run-test-installation> new_machine:   To debug, enter the VM and run 'systemctl status backdoor.service'.
+      checks = pkgs.lib.mkIf (pkgs.stdenv.isLinux && pkgs.stdenv.hostPlatform.system != "aarch64-linux") {
+        test-installation-without-system = (import ../lib/test-base.nix) {
+          name = "test-installation-without-system";
+          nodes.target = {
+            services.openssh.enable = true;
+            virtualisation.diskImage = "./target.qcow2";
+            virtualisation.useBootLoader = true;
+
+            # virtualisation.fileSystems."/" = {
+            #   device = "/dev/disk/by-label/this-is-not-real-and-will-never-be-used";
+            #   fsType = "ext4";
+            # };
+          };
+          nodes.installer =
+            { modulesPath, ... }:
+            {
+              imports = [
+                (modulesPath + "/../tests/common/auto-format-root-device.nix")
+              ];
+              services.openssh.enable = true;
+              users.users.root.openssh.authorizedKeys.keyFiles = [ ../lib/ssh/pubkey ];
+              system.nixos.variant_id = "installer";
+              environment.systemPackages = [ pkgs.nixos-facter ];
+              virtualisation.emptyDiskImages = [ 512 ];
+              virtualisation.diskSize = 8 * 1024;
+              virtualisation.rootDevice = "/dev/vdb";
+              # both installer and target need to use the same diskImage
+              virtualisation.diskImage = "./target.qcow2";
+              nix.settings = {
+                substituters = lib.mkForce [ ];
+                hashed-mirrors = null;
+                connect-timeout = lib.mkForce 3;
+                flake-registry = pkgs.writeText "flake-registry" ''{"flakes":[],"version":2}'';
+                experimental-features = [
+                  "nix-command"
+                  "flakes"
+                ];
+              };
+              system.extraDependencies = dependencies;
+            };
+          nodes.client = {
+            environment.systemPackages = [
+              self.packages.${pkgs.system}.clan-cli
+            ] ++ self.packages.${pkgs.system}.clan-cli.runtimeDependencies;
+            environment.etc."install-closure".source = "${closureInfo}/store-paths";
+            virtualisation.memorySize = 2048;
+            nix.settings = {
+              substituters = lib.mkForce [ ];
+              hashed-mirrors = null;
+              connect-timeout = lib.mkForce 3;
+              flake-registry = pkgs.writeText "flake-registry" ''{"flakes":[],"version":2}'';
+              experimental-features = [
+                "nix-command"
+                "flakes"
+              ];
+            };
+            system.extraDependencies = dependencies;
+          };
+
+          testScript = ''
+            client.start()
+            installer.start()
+
+            client.succeed("${pkgs.coreutils}/bin/install -Dm 600 ${../lib/ssh/privkey} /root/.ssh/id_ed25519")
+            client.wait_until_succeeds("timeout 2 ssh -o StrictHostKeyChecking=accept-new -v root@installer hostname")
+            client.succeed("cp -r ${../..} test-flake && chmod -R +w test-flake")
+            client.fail("test -f test-flake/machines/test-install-machine-without-system/hardware-configuration.nix")
+            client.fail("test -f test-flake/machines/test-install-machine-without-system/facter.json")
+            client.succeed("clan machines install --debug --flake test-flake --yes test-install-machine-without-system --target-host root@installer --update-hardware-config nixos-facter >&2")
+            try:
+              installer.shutdown()
+            except BrokenPipeError:
+              # qemu has already exited
+              pass
+
+            target.state_dir = installer.state_dir
+            target.start()
+            target.wait_for_unit("multi-user.target")
+            assert(target.succeed("cat /etc/install-successful").strip() == "ok")
+          '';
+        } { inherit pkgs self; };
+      };
+    };
+}